Thymosin α1 (Tα1), a 28-amino-acid peptide, was originally isolated from bovine thymus as a thymic hormone and is now obtained by synthetic preparation.Tα1, known for its ability as an immune adjuvant for vaccines, is in clinical trials worldwide for the treatment of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and cancer.Studies on the molecular basis of its action have suggested that Tα1 can induce T-cell and dendritic cell (DC) maturation as well as interleukin (IL)-12 expression. In addition, a recent study indicated that Tα1 upregulates expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, 5, 8 and 9, and protects mice from challenge by invasive aspergillosis in a myeloid differentiate factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent way.
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